How can you tell who holds power in government?

#Four questions to ask

1. Who can propose it? A bill, a budget or a nomination has to start somewhere.
2. Who must approve it? Many decisions need more than one vote or signature.
3. Who carries it out? Agencies and departments put decisions into effect.
4. Who can review or reverse it? Courts, voters and other officials may be able to step in.

#Example: a federal tax change

A bill to raise revenue must start in the US House, though the Senate can amend it. Both chambers must pass it, and the president can sign or veto it. In the House, the Rules Committee controls which bills reach the floor and the terms of debate. Once the bill is law, executive agencies carry it out, and courts can hear challenges to it.

#Example: a federal judge

The president nominates a federal judge, and the Senate decides whether to consent. Once appointed, the judge serves during good behavior, and the judge’s pay cannot be cut. The only way to remove the judge is impeachment by the House and conviction by two-thirds of the senators present. Here the key decision makers are the president and the Senate.

#Example: a local road project

Local answers depend on the place. Picture a city repaving a street. Depending on the city’s charter, a mayor or an appointed manager might propose the work, the council might approve the money, and a city department might hire the contractor. State and federal rules can also apply. The Census Bureau notes that local governments’ responsibilities vary from state to state.

#Titles and visibility can mislead

The best-known official is not always the one who decides. Committee leaders, party leaders and agency staff can shape what comes up for a vote and when. Who holds each office also changes after elections and leadership votes. To check who holds an office now, use an official directory and note the date it was last updated.